The Delusional Governess in Henry James The Turn of the...

The existence of the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw has always been in debate. Instead of directly discussing whether the ghosts are real or not, this essay will focus on the reliability of the governess, the narrator of the story. After making a close examination of her state of mind while she is at Bly, readers of The Turn of the Screw will have many more clues to ponder again and to decide to what extent the governess can be believed. While critics like Heilman argue that there are problems with the interpretation that the governess was psychopathic, textual evidence incorporated with scientific research show that the governess did go through a period of psychical disorder that caused her insomnia, out of which she created†¦show more content†¦The governess was young and inexperienced. Douglas described the governess as  ¡Ã‚ §young, untried, nervous ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 5). The work at Bly was her first experience as a governess. The idea of playing the dominant role at Bly may have scared her because in her whole life, she had never had the opportunity to play that kind of role in her family. Moreover, as a parson ¡Ã‚ ¦s youngest daughter, she had little experience of the world, the grandeur of the villa impressed her as she felt upon seeing it:  ¡Ã‚ ¨The scene had a greatness that made a different affair from my own scant home ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 7). Heller explains: The governess is worried about her responsibility from the beginning. At twenty she is barely an adult herself. The youngest of several children of a poor country parson, she has never seen the kind of life over which she must now rule alone, has never had a large bed, an expansive view, perhaps not even a room of her own. She has never seen herself full length in a mirror before. She wonders whether she can rise to the responsibility of directing the care of two children in such an establishment. (55) Ever since the governess arrived at Bly, her spirit had been kept in a state of alert. There were a lot of new things thrown in that struck her. In an actual example, aShow MoreRelatedThe Turn Of The Screw By Henry James1379 Words   |  6 Pages A Screw Loose During the course of the novella, â€Å"The Turn of the Screw†, by Henry James, the governess continuously encounters ghosts that seemingly only appear to her. As the story progresses, the governess starts postulating a relationship between Miles, Flora, and the supposed corruptive ghosts. However, due to the fact that the ghosts are not seen when others are present at the time of the sightings indicate that they fail to exist. Moreover, through the evidence presented in the text, theRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw1265 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ The Turn of the Screw has been described as one of the best ghost stories of all time. However, there is clear evidence that the main character, the governess, suffers from delusions. The strange events that occur throughout the story happen in the estate of Bly. The anomalies, described as horrors or ghosts, only come to light after the governess arrives. These events are due to creations of the governess mind, her cont rolling intent to protect and overrule the children, and her unstableRead More A Nineteenth Century Ghost Story in The Turn of The Screw by Henry James5496 Words   |  22 PagesA Nineteenth Century Ghost Story in The Turn of The Screw by Henry James The Turn of The Screw is a classic Gothic ghost novella with a wicket twist set in a grand old house at Bly. The story is ambiguous; we never fully know whether the apparitions exist or not and we are left with many more questions than answers. The Governess is left in charge of two young children, Miles and Flora, of whom she later becomes obsessed with, describing them as angelic. She has

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Two Free Essays

Moonlight shone in the window, iluminating a long swath of Elena’s bed. Meredith had tossed and turned for a while, but now Elena could hear her steady breathing. It was good that Meredith was sleeping. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now She was exhausting herself: working out constantly, patrol ing every night, making sure al her weapons were in prime condition, wild with frustration that they weren’t able to find any solid clues as to the kil er’s identity. But it was lonely being the only one awake. Elena stretched her legs under the sheets and flipped over her pil ow to rest her head on the cooler side. Branches tapped against the window, and Elena wiggled her shoulders against the mattress, trying to calm her busy mind. She wished Bonnie would come home. The tapping on the window came again, then again, sharp peremptory raps. Slowly, it dawned on Elena, a little late, that there weren’t any trees whose branches touched that window. Heart pounding, she sat up with a gasp. Eyes black as night peered in the window, skin as pale as the moonlight. It took Elena’s brain a minute to start working again, but then she was out of bed and opening the window. He was so quick and graceful that by the time she shut the window and turned around, Damon was seated on her bed, leaning back on his elbows and looking total y at ease. â€Å"Some vampire hunter she is,† he said cool y, looking over at Meredith as she made a soft whuffling sound into her pil ow. His gaze, though, was almost affectionate. â€Å"That’s not fair,† Elena said. â€Å"She’s exhausted.† â€Å"Someday her life might depend on her staying alert even when she’s exhausted,† Damon said pointedly. â€Å"Okay, but today is not that day,† Elena said. â€Å"Leave Meredith alone and tel me what you’ve found out about Zander.† Sitting down cross-legged on the bed next to him, she leaned forward to give Damon her ful attention. Damon took her hand, slowly interlacing his fingers with hers. â€Å"I haven’t learned anything definite,† he said, â€Å"but I have suspicions.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Elena said, distracted. Damon was stroking her arm lightly with his other hand, feather touches, and she realized he was watching her closely, waiting to see if she would object. Inwardly, she shrugged a little. What did it matter, after al ? Stefan had left her; there was no reason now to push Damon away. She glanced over at Meredith, but the dark-haired girl was stil deeply asleep. Damon’s dark eyes glittered in the moonlight. He seemed to sense what she was thinking, because he leaned closer to her on the bed, pul ing her snugly against him. â€Å"I need to investigate a little more,† Damon said. â€Å"There’s definitely something off about him and those boys he runs around with. They’re too fast, for one thing. But I don’t think Bonnie’s in any immediate danger.† Elena stiffened in his arms. â€Å"What proof do you have of that?† she asked. â€Å"And it’s not just Bonnie. If anyone’s in danger, they have to be our top priority.† â€Å"I’l watch them, don’t worry.† He chuckled, a dry, intimate sound. â€Å"He and Bonnie are certainly getting close. She seems besotted.† Elena twisted away from his careful hands, feeling anxious. â€Å"If he could be dangerous, if there’s anything off about him the way you say, we have to warn her about him. We can’t just sit by watching and waiting for him to do something wrong. By then, it might be too late.† Damon pul ed her back to him, his hand flat and steady against her side. â€Å"You already tried warning Bonnie, and that didn’t work, did it? Why would she listen to you now that she’s spent more time with him, bonding with him, and nothing bad’s happened to her?† He shook his head. â€Å"It won’t work, princess.† â€Å"I just wish we could do something,† Elena said miserably. â€Å"If I had gotten a look at the bodies,† Damon said thoughtful y, â€Å"I might have more of an idea of what could be behind this. I suppose breaking into the morgue is out of the question?† Elena considered this. â€Å"I think they’ve probably released the bodies by now,† she said doubtful y, â€Å"and I’m not sure where they’d take them next. Wait!† She sat up straight. â€Å"The campus security office would have something, wouldn’t they? Records, or maybe even pictures of Christopher’s and Samantha’s bodies? The campus officers were al over the crime scenes before the police got there.† â€Å"We can check it out tomorrow, certainly,† Damon said casual y. â€Å"If it wil make you feel better.† His voice and expression were almost disinterested, provokingly so, and once again, Elena felt the strange mixture of desire and irritation that Damon often sparked in her. She wanted to shove him away and pul him closer at the same time. She had almost decided on shoving him away when he turned to look her ful in the face. â€Å"My poor Elena,† he said in a soothing murmur, his eyes glinting in the moonlight. He ran a soft hand up her arm, shoulder, and neck, coming to rest gently against her jawline. â€Å"You can’t get away from the dark creatures, can you, Elena? No matter how you try. Come to a new place, find a new monster.† He stroked her face with one finger. His words were almost mocking, but his voice was gentle and his eyes shone with emotion. Elena pressed her cheek against his hand. Damon was elegant and clever, and something in him spoke to the dark, secret part of her. She couldn’t deny that she was drawn to him – that she’d always been drawn to him, even when they first met and he scared her. And Elena had loved him since that winter night when she awoke as a vampire and he cared for her, protected her, and taught her what she needed to know. Stefan had left her. There was no reason why she shouldn’t do this. â€Å"I don’t always want to get away from the dark creatures, Damon,† she said. He was silent for a moment, his hand stroking her cheek automatical y, and then he kissed her. His lips were like cool silk against hers, and Elena felt as if she had been wandering for hours in a desert and had final y been given a cold drink of water. She kissed him harder, letting go of his hand to twine her fingers through his soft hair. Pul ing away from her mouth, Damon kissed her neck gently, waiting for permission. Elena dropped her head back to give him better access. She heard Damon’s breath hiss through his teeth, and he looked into her eyes for a moment, his face soft and more open than she’d ever seen it, before he lowered his face to her neck again. The twin wasp stings of his fangs hurt for a moment, and then she was sliding through darkness, fol owing a ribbon of aching pleasure that led her through the night, led her to Damon. She felt his joy and wonder at having her in his arms without guilt, without reserve. In return she let him feel her happiness in him and her confusion over wanting him and stil loving Stefan, her pain at Stefan’s absence. There was no guilt, not now, but there was a huge Stefan-shaped hole in her heart, and she let Damon see it. It’s all right, Elena, she felt from him, not quite in words, but in a rock-solid contentment, like the purr of a cat. All I want is this. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Two, Essay examples

Project Preparation Using A Sun Sensors And The Earth Sensor.

Question: Discuss about the Determination of Attitude of Satellite Utilizing The Earth Together With The Sun SensorsAnd The Earth Sensor. Answer: Introduction The paper consists of a variety of the estimation procedures and computations using a sun sensor and the earth sensor to think about the algorithms in an attitude determination system. (David 2013) the attitude determination algorithms are carried out in the testing approach through the simulation practice. The application of the systems is also significant over a range of the subsystems that are used in the increasing of the keenness and obtaining of the actual data. The proper estimation and robustness is ascertained by the rounding of criteria of the attitude. (Anthony, 2016) said there are convergence of the particular considerate rate under the initial given condition. There are particular methods that are known as the deterministic the TRIAD, FOAM and the famous QUEST IS one of them. These methods make use of the prevailing EKF, PF and the UKF. The major sensors that are used in the research and entire project are the earth sensors also known as the earth horizon gyro and the sun sensors. The satellite has got the main role of which is supposed to undertake as a mission. The attitude determination control system is a unique sub system that is encompassed with the functionality of stabilizing these satellites. There are generally two parts of the ADCS which are the ACS and the attitude determination system. The recent systems mentioned in this context measures the given mathematical vector of the inertial given reference. There is later computation of the particular oriented criteria of the satellite in relation to the earth. State of the art literature review The challenges encountered during the measurement of the attitude entails one of them is noise, this is the sound that is not relevant and is caused by other terrestrial bodies that seem to be rotating around the sun. The earth is one of the planets among the many nine planets that have the capability to support life. The other objects are also found such as the meteorites and the large masses embedded on the atmosphere. There is problem encountered with the measurement of the attitude such as the bias which is most often encountered during the measurement. The bias is a result of the sensors pro activeness and the fact that they have no thinking capacity to restrain from the interference. The misalignment during the measurements is another problem that pa takes the user of the data. The disarrangement is caused by the random movements and the disturbances that are known to interfere with the set database. The prior prediction is not certain as it will be affected the accuracy of the information obtained. There are equations that are solved in order to produce a value that is used for the purpose of estimation. The attitude estimation is considered the most crucial stage. The activity consists of the estimation using the nonlinear aspects in the case where there is noise production. The given state equation is known to be corresponding to the equation of the measurement at given level. I have recommended use of the kinematic models with the use of sensors in order to determine the location of the attitude. The approach is known as the deterministic criteria of recursive in nature, the algorithms which are deemed necessary are incorporated in this scenario. A two vector value is recommended for the deterministic approach of the quaternion provided estimator. (Daniel, 2012) said the attitude direction is referred as the cosine that is obtained by use of the scientific basic optimization and calculation. Research question What is the type of spacecraft used today? Do they have basically a sensor that are on board and makes use of the two vectors? The anomalous period is preferred in the estimation of the on board attitude by use of the sensors. The attitude is determined during the particular anomalous given time of the solar commonly known eclipse. The sensor is co aligned in one direction. The basic method is the attitude platform of the satellite which can be the yaw, pitch or the angular velocity that is discussed as efficient. The sun sensor is used together with a microcontroller in order to oversee the improvement of the EKF. The aspect of the sun commonly known sensors utilizes the light resistors which are preferred because of their dependent nature on the entire system. The use of the earth sensor together with the sun based one is successful whenever there is an angle inclination of the 5.9 degree to 3.7 degrees which is the sun vector. The sun vector is suitable at this position and thus the achieving of the three axis attitude determination which is facilitated by the sun sensor. I thus also justify that a unique provocation of the earth albedo be considered in the conversion of the measurements into the unscented kalman filter (UKF). The computation is the most basic type that is supposed to be met for this procedure integration successful in the UKF. The comparison is undertaken during the sun eclipse in order to determine the most appropriate to apply in attitude determination. There is limited view during the eclipse which is the reason for taking the sliding mode observation. There is faster response while using the SMO and the robust nature is witnessed. The estimation error is minimized to the results and ascertains achievement of the best value at the end of the entire procedure. SMO is thus known to be attractable and appealing than the EKF method. The point are identified and the close ness to the other pint of interest in the satellite readings. The bar readings are calibrated in the way that they are visible with an estimation and rounding off technique. The execution of time for the small satellite is deemed to take effect within the shortest time possible as compared to the larger satellites which takes a lot of time before they respond. The fact that there are a lot of disturbances that are experienced as the exercise goes on there is respect accorded to each and every approach to the attitude and the angular rate of the given estimation and the proper accuracy. This is as it relates to the uncertain initial condition and the sensitivity that is in place for the purpose of determination of the performance by utilizing the tools such as the regularized magnetometer. The unit measurement is the one that givens the first attitude estimation where the new filter is developed to be used on earth sensors for the modification purposes. The modified apparatus is known as the SOAR filter which takes into consideration two basic t ypes of the analysis or rather the measurements. There is complete attitude estimation that is applicable in the algorithm deemed to be modified in such a way that the proposal is raised and the calibration is of low frequency and less guessing or rather the errors. The most appropriate technique is the deterministic one since it has the better performance when put to the comparison of the recursive approach in the eclipse. There is a body fixed coordinate frame that is used in order to match the given model of reference. There is emancipation of the coordinate transformation from the satellites body frame to the frame known as the ECI. There is the Z axis orientation that is determined alleviating the need of the sense. The gravitational force is thus put together for the purpose of comparison. (Christopher, 2014) said the allowance for the vector is one degree of the referred freedom and is supposed to be the rotation around the vector. We will use two different non parallel types of measuring the attitude. Earth sensors measure the magnetic field with the help of device known as the magnetometers. The deemed magnetic field is found to be in the earth surface where it rotates within the given ECI. The more the approach is put into consideration the more positive results we are likely to get in the computation of the magnetic field in an earth fixed coordinate type of system. The direction towards the sun is identified by the set sun sensors where they are indicated in the ECI coordinate frame. The earth fixed system of coordinates is found to be at the Centre location where it is denoted as ECEF frame. (Marcus, 2015) said there is performance of full rotation during the course of the annual orbital rotation. Methodology The suns position is within the ECI and thus it undertakes the full rotation at the orbit which is considered as normal. The preferred model in this perspective is the sun reference given and outlined model. Satellite calculations are informed of the ECI where they are apart from the orbit path or the so known perturbations. The two line elements are incorporated in order to determine the orbital position of the given satellite. The earth parameters which are bound are known to be useful in the earth centered earth fixed and the coordinate frames. The earth magnetic field is deemed by the time for rotation and shift from one position. There is use of the covariance as the measure for the given uncertainty during undertaking of the necessary measurements. There is propagation into a new state by the covariance where the previous k-1 is used as an estimator. (Whinny, 2016) said the sun sensors are found at the area around the panel where they are suited for conducting communication wit h the micro objects controller items. The high data rate is considered as tough to achieve given the prevailing frequencies for them. There are predetermined calibration matrices that are used where they data is to be post processed. The microcontroller handles the necessary parameters used for determination of the actual coordinate. The sun sensors are mounted directly on the arts of the satellite in order to measure one component at a time. The direction matrix of cosine in nature is used in the algorithms. The most suitable basis for this approach of the horizon and sun sensors is the classic quaternion which is based on the extension of the so known filter of the Kalman. I have placed in use a modulation perturbation of the degree of freedom in the closed loop where the simulation is supposed to take place in the development house. The observable performances are thus recorded from the six typical modular. (Garvey, 2014) said the sensors of the sin have been found to measure the direction of the light produced by the sun as it is related to the space craft. Experiment The attitude reference is made relevant where the sensors are designed to measure the energy emancipating from the solar. The angle that is formed by the sun after hitting the surface is recorded and thus there is considerable measurement of the impinging energy of the solar on the ground and it is measured appropriately. The determination of yaw attitude of the particular craft is verified by use of the sun vector positioning. (Vincent, 2012) said the sun vector in line with the sun model is used where the measuring of the possible radiation is conducted in line with the sun lit phase of the given orbit. Each every sensor of the sun have got unique characteristics, error allowed to take place and the specific position as it pertains to the satellite direction. There are a maximum of six solar cells as recommended where there is representation of six. The circles are placed on each side of the satellite and thus configuration is seen to be as it relates to the sun vector and the construction. There are three visible sun sensors where in each individual cells. The angle of the sun is found in measurement to the individual cell where the parameters for the suitable simulation are obtained. There are measurements recorded in terms of the recordings which are used to determine the vector of the sun by use of a unique type of linear derivative. The method is known as liner transformation and is incorporated in the activity of determination of the following vector of the sun. Sm, B =SB + Sm, B. The earth sensors are also known as the horizon sensors in a lay man language. They are used to decide the direction of the earth in terms of the nadir and this is enhanced by visual outlay. The predetermined limbs shape and the earths limb are measured in the arrival at the suitable attitude. There is classification in regards to the types of scanning and the suitable static and this differ in the outline mechanism in order to facilitate the activity of denoting the earth is horizon. The error estimation is minimized in the characteristic and the considerable field of view. These unique sensors are incorporated in the provision of the data and information of the pitch. The earth sensors are able to provide the total data as it relates to the phase of the sun and it is lit in the total attitude data and information. The typical horizon sensors are scanned and also a follow up is presented to analyses the given error and suitable characteristic. (Peterson, 2013) said the use of the sc anner that is moving and it is placed on the spacecraft in order to enhance detection and measurement of the earths limb. The radiations are converted by the sensor electronics which are used in the range of the width in earths limb. Results, outcomes, relevance The field of enhancing the view is widened and it is larger as compared to the other earth sensors that are of horizon type. The errors arise due to the bias criteria that are involved and this also pertains to the static errors while aligning as constant bias of magnitude is being undertaken. The white errors are the type of misfortune occurrences that result from the sensor hardware condition. The realistic errors are also measured by the sensors where the models are used in detailed approach. Integrating gyro is utilized and applied in the time variation of the drift rate as it is considered bias. The earth sensors are however affected by factors such as the earth oblations and the size of radius such as the atmospheric radiance. The prior used six type of degree freedom which is in closed loop is developed in the action of the simulation in the MATLAB where the performance is ascertained by use of het necessary simulation. Conclusion The uncented particle is also a factor that leads to the robustness of the results of the simulation. WHER there is a large model error there is possibility of noise occurring and this is perceived to take place during the nonlinear predictive approach. The satellites were originally incorporate for the use in the military departments but nowadays there are number of them orbiting the earth. (Luke, 2014) said the carious use of the satellites entails the weather surveillance technique and determination of the direction of climatic shift. The measurements of scientific in nature and the sending of encoded information or data over a wide range of networks to the receiver. The important utilization of these huge devices around the orbital path is the highly accurate considered global positioning systems as they are known to be GPSs. There is orientation that is conducted to harmonize the instruments in conjunction with the attitude control systems. (Martin, 2014) said these are the ante nnas and the hardware that is basically oriented in order to perform functionalities and necessary duties as directed. To be able to rule and determine the appropriate attitude there is need for the sensor. Realigning the attitude to the desired position is enhanced by the following activities: measuring the satellite attitude, utilizing the actuators in order to apply them in the given torques. The measurement is done mathematically by comparison the variables in such a way that the coordinate frame is rotated according to the measurement read. References David, J. (2013). The attitude determination algorithms are carried out in the testing approach through the simulation practice, Herman press, Australia. Vincent, F. (2012). The sun vector in line with the sun model is used where the measuring of the possible radiation is conducted in line with the sun lit phase of the given orbit. Kelly press, Britain. Winny, B. (2016). The sun sensors are found at the area around the panel where they are suited for conducting communication with the micro objects controller items: Hervey press, Sydney. Christopher, M. (2014). The allowance for the vector is one degree of the referred freedom and is supposed to be the rotation around the vector: Bone press, Britain. Peterson, R. (2013). The use of the scanner that is moving and it is placed on the spacecraft in order to enhance detection and measurement of the earths limb: Hungarian press, Germany. Garvey, T. (2014). The sensors of the sin have been found to measure the direction of the light produced by the sun as it is related to the space craft: Lieberman press, Turkey. Marcus, E. (2015). There is performance of full rotation during the course of the annual orbital rotation. Just press, New York. Luke, C. (2014). The carious use of the satellites entails the weather surveillance technique and determination of the direction of climatic shift: Parker press, New York. Anthony, D. (2016). There is convergence of the particular considerate rate under the initial given condition: Times press, Paris. Martin, S. (2014). These are the antennas and the hardware that is basically oriented in order to perform functionalities and necessary duties as directed: Norwegian press, Norway. Jake, U. (2012). The observation known as the mode observer is carried out in order to enhance the entire comparison to take place: Banat press, Kingsland. Daniel, N. (2012). The attitude direction is referred as the cosine that is obtained by use of the scientific basic optimization and calculation: Lowman press. France.

Web Influence Over Business Essays - Web Applications, E-commerce

Web Influence Over Business The Internet will greatly alter the structure and operation of all industries. For the management of any existing business the central question is not whether the Internet will be relevant to your business, but rather what will we need to do to profit from that change ( "The Internet" ). The Internet is evolving many aspects of business and it creates many new business opportunities. It is developing what is called the "New Business Environment", because it changes the way products are developed, distributed, marketed, sold, and serviced ( "Business on the" ). In theory, doing business over the Internet with consumers should be ideal however, many people are not comfortable with it yet. It will take a little while before most people are completely at ease and order products. First off, the Internet will provide many capabilities that will be very beneficial to a business. Some of the benefits include E-mail, Mailing Lists, UseNet, Telnet, FTP, Gopher, and of course the World Wide Web. All of these are a way to keep you informed and in touch with business associates and customers anywhere in the world ( "What can the" ). With an Intranet in place you've got an infrastructure for group applications, you don't need to install software on everyone's PC, they can just use their Web browser and while the main costs are in employee time, the cost of software has dropped significantly ( "Put Your Own" ). The effects of the Internet will take a decade or more to generally replace existing patterns of business. The Internet and its strategic impact are not technological issues, they are business ones ( "The Internet" ). Executives are likely to carry responsibility for whether their organization ultimately prospers or perishes in an Internet impacted world. The particular impact will differ between industries, so you need to identify the likely form of impact it will have on your industry and adopt appropriate strategies. A few threats are when using the Internet, competitors become relatively more effective, e.g. reducing costs, improving service and increasing sales impact. Also, some important customers or suppliers may have migrated exclusively to the Internet and are inaccessible in any other way. Some firms redefine the industry in a very fundamental way that threatens all existing competitors ( "The Internet" ). With the advent of the Internet, it has dramatically improved operational and sales effectiveness in numerous different applications. A few such areas are, on-line stockbrokers: such as E*Trade and Ceres, on-line travel agents, banks and other financial services: such as on-line banking systems, and insurance and fund management. Right now, there are many companies whose outreach is global such as Amazon.com and CD Now, soon all of the above areas will be global ( Daring ). Another area of the business environment that will be significantly changed due to the Internet are small firms, especially ones who wish to export. The Internet can relatively easily give small firms access to international markets, and engage in electric commerce ( Cragg ). However, not much is known about the use of the Internet by small firms, mainly because it is such a new method. An example of such an idea was taken advantage of by Elizabeth Botham & Sons Bakery. The bakery is located in a small town called Whitby in North Yorkshire and business is tough because it is geographically restricting and it is based in a very seasonable town. In order to do business and keep their staff hired year around the manager, Mike Jarman turned to the Internet. He found a company called Octagon Ltd., which helped him get started. Since going on the Web in 1995, the company has had over 25,000 potential customers visit the site and receives a dozen hefty orders a week ( "Yorkshire Bakery" ). The Web is a great distribution tool, the information you place on your Web site can be accessed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Web can save you time and money in information distribution over traditional mail and printing methods ( Daring ). Rather than reading a static advertisement, your customers can go directly to their areas of interest and see an intriguing web page. They can get detailed information on your staff and services, browse your product lines, and get up to date information on what is happening in your company. One of the benefits of a web site is that your customer can respond to you directly ( Shaw ). Even though the Internet has

Ivan Pavlov And Behaviourism Essay

Ivan Pavlov And Behaviourism Essay Ivan Pavlov And Behaviourism Essay Ivan Pavlov and behaviourism. Joanne Keenan Behaviourism is based upon observable behaviour. Pavlov theorised that it was possible to change behaviour by introducing new stimuli. This means that planned positive reinforcement is effective in promoting change in a learner’s behaviour. Ivan Pavlov tested this theory on dogs. He observed that the dogs would salivate every time they saw him because they associated him with food. He suggested that this was a conditioned response because the dogs had become used to him bringing them food. He wondered if it was possible to condition the dogs into associating a neutral stimulus with food. Pavlov introduced a bell. Every time Pavlov fed his dogs he would ring a bell. After repeating this for a number of times he wondered if he rang the bell without the food, that the dogs would salivate in anticipation. He was correct and the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. The dogs had learned a new behaviour and this was now a conditioned response. Pavlov also noted that the stimuli must be presented close together in time to allow for conditioning†¦ if not then no new behaviour will be learned because no association will be made. This can be used in a classroom situation when attempting to keep learners under control. If learners discover that when they misbehave for example and no action is taken by the teacher then they will learn that that particular behaviour is acceptable and will

Attributes of entrepreneur

Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Confidence positive thlnklng is a major step In the direction of success 5. Positive thinker entrepreneur are positive thinkers. Wealth does not always come to the most intelligent or the most ambitious individuals. Patience -when one owns who his business, there will be times when feels like the roof of craving-in. 7. Decisiveness – one should go with his intuition and trust that he is doing the right thing 8. Experience component for growth – as a key 9. Information seeking – entrepreneur should seek information with client and competitors, seek advice. 10. Perseverance – must be willing to persevere during rough times 11. Drive – needs to be totally committed 12. Risk taking – prefer tasks, which provide them some challenges 13. Innovation creative, they do things in new and different ways 14. Opportunity-seeking – readily identifies opportunities for going into or to improve his business 15. Demand for efficiency and quality – entrepreneur always strives to find ways to do things better, faster and at a lower cost 16. Systematic planning and monitoring – introduces some system in achlevlng his goals by breaking this goal Into short term and long term goals 11. Persuasion and networking – easy establishes a network or personal and business contacts around them Attributes of entrepreneur. (2018, Oct 28).

Operations Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Operations Summary - Essay Example Examples of these include the grocery stores, ATM at banks, the supermarkets, websites and e-ticketing. In this design the physical office is eliminated (APICS) Personal attention: In this approach the customer has a minimum contact with the provider and the customer develops a relationship with the service provider representative. Eg sales person. This approach the work flow is not customized and provider seeks to build customer loyalty. Job Shop Process: This is manufacturing of a product in a fixed time and cost as per the requirements of the customer, and is done one by one. The jobs are unique, volumes are low and the variety is quite high (S. Anil Kumar, 2006, p. 17). The examples of Job Shops include in metal fabricators, ship building and in construction. Batch flow; examples of batch flow include air travelling, traditional mortgage loan processing, textile apparels, and bread factories. The products are manufactured in regular intervals, characterized by the routing of the jobs and sometimes the products are kept in a warehouse awaiting sales (S. Anil Kumar, 2006, p. 18). Assembly line: The examples of assembly line include in car manufacturing, mobile handset, television and most consumer products goods. The operations are performed in sequence and are assembly-oriented. The product moves from one workstation to the next in a sequence of operations and materials are handled by devices like conveyors (S. Anil Kumar, 2006, p.19). APICS. (n.d.). APICS Operations Management. Retrieved August 27, 2014, from APICS:

If you could pursue any occupation regardless of education, training, Essay

If you could pursue any occupation regardless of education, training, special talent, or expense, what would it be and why (maximum two pages, single spaced, - Essay Example Many companies require a bachelors degree in Computer Science, Information Science or Scientific Programming, according to EUREKA. And experience is some times required too. The common experience wanted is two to six years in systems support, programming, network services, diagnostics and/or communications, again according to EUREKA. Some of the best colleges in California to earn a degree in computers are Cal Tech, Cal Poly, USC, and Cal State Fullerton. What should I take while in college to become a software business analyst? A software business analyst is a programmer first and foremost. So they need a strong background in computer programming. Also a software business analyst is required to have some skills in computer-controlled equipment, CAD/CAM system development, and familiarity with programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, XML, PHP, and Assembly. Other abilities needed include strong organization skills, principles in computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis and other techniques, knowledge of design software programs, and the ability to plan and oversee projects (1). There is a TV show called The Screen Savers that started in 1998 and continues today. I started watching the show from the beginning but I wasnt really interested in it fully, I really only cared about what games I could play on my computer. But about a year later something happened that sparked my current fascination in computers. So I find the career of software engineer will give me a great chance to learn a variety of different areas. I interviewed my computer teacher in Bangalore University, who has been in the computer field since 1988 and currently works at Bangalore University. I asked him what he thought was the best way to get in to computers and he said that getting a good education and that if you have a high enough GPA, some companies recruit students straight out of college. Another

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay a) Outline two psychological theories of aggression (12 marks) b) Evaluate two theories of aggression that you outlined in part a) in terms of relevant research studies (12 marks) a) Outline and evaluate two psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) Aggression is an example of anti-social behaviour. It has been defined as any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such harm. Social Psychological theories of aggression These explain aggression as a result of social interactions Social Learning Theory (SLT) One of the most influential theories of aggression is the Social Learning theory put forward by Bandura (1973). The nature of the theory suggests human aggression is learned either through direct experience or by observing aggressive behaviour in other people i. e. indirect experience. Bandura produced two assumptions in relation to the social learning theory. He stated that if a child acts aggressively against another child and as a result gets what they want, their aggressive behaviour has been reinforced. This is an example of learning by direct experience, derived from the principles of the traditional learning theory; operant and classical conditioning. Secondly, he stated that if a child observes another person behaving in an aggressive manner, they may imitate that behaviour them selves, particularly if they see the model reinforced for behaving in that way. This is an example of vicarious experience. Results from Banduras studies have shown that children are more likely to imitate models if they are similar to themselves, have some kind of status or who are seen to be rewarded for their actions. He also applied these factors to his Social Learning theory. Bobo Doll study Bandura (1961) Support for the Social Learning theory comes from studies using Bobo dolls (an inflatable toy). This was conducted by Bandura et al (1961). He carried out a study where Nursery school children watched a film where an adult model behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The adult model displayed some distinctive physical acts of aggression, for example kicking it and using verbal aggression such as Pow! Following this, the children were taken to a room and shown attractive toys that they were forbidden to play with. This created a sense of frustration within the children. They were then taken to a room containing a Bobo doll and other toys and were then rated for the amount of aggression they showed. Bandura found that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. In contrast children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the doll. This shows that children can acquire aggressive behaviours from watching the actions of others. Evidence that supports the Social Learning Theory Further research evidence has been carried out in relation to aggression which supports Banduras theory. Silvern and Williamson (1987) investigated the effect video games have on aggression. They found that aggression levels in children increased after playing violent games. This suggests that this was due to imitation or modelling. However, the study lacks validity because it only identifies short term aggression, not long term aggression therefore, it does not prove any permanent effects. Furthermore, Margeret and Mead (1935) studied aggression in relation to cross cultural differences. She studied three New Gunea tribes and found that each tribe behaved different in terms of aggressive tendencies. This suggests that the fact that some societies were more aggressive than others supports the role of social learning in aggression. However, the fact that the men were relatively more aggressive in each society suggests that some aspects of aggression are biologically determined. Evidence that challenges the Social Learning Theory However, this theory has been challenged by a number of psychologists. Johnston et al (1977) carried out another study in which he found that children who behaved most aggressively towards the doll were the ones rated by the teachers as most violent generally. Also, Durkin (1995) suggested that Bandura made no distinguish between aggressive behaviour and play fighting. These studies therefore suggest that the findings from the Bobo Doll study lack reliability. In addition, the study has ethical issues as it encourages aggression in children. Furthermore, the situation is unlike a lot of real-life modeling as hitting a doll is no the same as hitting a person. This leads to the assumption that Bandura over exaggerated the extent to which children imitate the behaviour of models. This also leads to the criticism that the study lacks ecological validity due to its artificial setting; therefore the results may not apply to real life. Also, some critics argue that the children were manipulated into responding to the aggressive movie. This was because the children were teased and became aggressive because they could not touch the toys. Finally, there is a problem that the study suffers from high demand characteristics due to the children being given cues how to behave, resulting in the participants to behave in certain predictable ways. Alternative theories Alternative social psychological theories of aggression have also been produced, challenging the idea that aggression is solely based upon imitation, modelling and reinforcement. Deindividuation theory One of these is the Deindividuation theory proposed by Zimbardo (1969). Deindividuation refers to the loss of a sense of personality identity that can occur when we are for example, in a large crowd or wearing a mask. We then become more likely to engage in anti-social, un-socialised behaviour. Zimbardo (1969) distinguished between individual behaviour, which conforms to acceptable social standards, and deindividuated behaviour, which does not conform to societys social norms. He claimed that people dont normally act aggressively because they are easily identifiable in societies that have strong norms against aggressive behaviour. Being anonymous (and therefore effectively unaccountable) in a crowd has the consequence of reducing inner restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited. According to Zimbardo, being in part of a crowd can reduce awareness of our own individuality. In a large crowd, each person is faceless and anonymous (so the larger the group, the greater the anonymity), reducing the fear of negative evaluation of our actions and a diminishing the sense of guilt. Therefore, individuals feel less constrained by the norms of social behaviour and as a result, they may be more inclined to act in an anti-social way. This is supported by Mann (1981) who found evidence of Deindividuation in the baiting crowd (crowds who frequently baited a potential suicide victim to jump). Mann found that baiting increased under conditions which increased the anonymity of the crowd (e. g. numbers, darkness and distance from the victim). This therefore supports the claim that deindividuation increases aggressive behaviour. The deindividuation theory is also supported by Zimbardo (1969) who left abandoned cars in New York and a small town in California. He found the abandoned car in the big city was stripped and vandalised very quickly whereas the one in the small town was left alone. This suggests that the larger the group, the more anonymous the individual is and, consequently, the more extreme the antisocial behaviour becomes. Futhermore, Zimbardo (1963) conducted a study specifically to demonstrate the effects of deindividuation on aggression. Participants were asked to shock a confederate. Some were deindividuated (wore a hood, no names were used and they sat in a dimly lit room) and others were easily identifiable (they wore name tags and sat in a bright room). The findings showed that the deindividuated students administered the most shocks, i. e. were most aggressive, suggesting that deindividuation plays a role in producing anti-social behaviour. However, the major difficulty with using Deindividuation as an explanation for aggression is the fact that it does not always lead to aggression. In some circumstances it can lead to high levels of pro-social behaviour, for example wearing a nurses uniform. Overall Evaluation Overall, the Social learning theory can account for the fact that a persons aggressive behaviour may not be consistent across different situations. It may be reinforced in some situations, but punished in others (context-dependant learning). Furthermore, studies carried out into video games and aggressions are consistent with the Social Learning theory. However, alternative explanations such as the biological explanation (e. g. levels of testosterone are linked to aggressive behaviour) challenge the view that social learning is the primary causal factor in aggression. In addition, the social learning theory is limited in scope because aggression doesnt just depend on observational learning. This is supported by cross cultural evidence which demonstrates that some aspects of aggression are innate. Effects of environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour Use for: Describe and evaluate research (theories or studies) into the effects of two or more environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour (24 marks) A number of environmental factors have been identified as triggers for aggression. Some of these possible environmental features are temperature, overcrowding and noise.

Essay --

Joseph J. Ellis: Founding Brothers Founding Brothers a collection of stories by Joseph J. Ellis that discusses various events following the American Revolution and their impact on the budding Republic. The first theme talks about all key individuals that had a conglomerate of personalities and ideologies among the founding fathers. Because of this, it balanced the government and prevented one over arching outlook from sculpting the new government. This can easily transition into the second theme by Ellis. Despite the fact that this group of minds behind the birth of our government, had many different passionate perceptions on how said government be formed, they were still bound by close personal relationships. The second theme is present throughout the entire book. Especially in â€Å"The Dinner†, which I will discuss in more detail later on. Many of the important decisions early on were not only deliberated in public, but were also debated and contested in private at meetings and dinner parties. In the third theme, it was in their culminating interest to sweep slavery under the rug. Even though they knew it was an important issue, they also knew bringing it to public would wreak havoc on the new but feeble government. In the fourth theme, Ellis illustrates how the founding fathers used the advantages described in the previous themes to romanticized the interactions they had. They were very intelligent men who knew what kind of decisions they implemented would be important moments in history. They used their personal relationships in private meetings to shape how future generations would view them and the new government. They had specific control over how the events would be recorded. This made it easy for them to embellish wh... ...after the dinner conversation had ended. Jefferson was able to make â€Å"The Dinner† appear as though he brought Madison and Hamilton together for one fateful meeting that would determine the outcome of two of the most high profile decisions made in early government. Though the full scope wasn't probably apparent, Jefferson had a way of ensuring these types of meetings would universally be looked back on the way he wanted. Many of the discussions leading up to the dinner conversation were conveniently tucked away. This made the dinner conversation out to be much more important and decisive than it probably actually was. Ellis repeatedly touches these three themes throughout â€Å"The Dinner† to illustrate how much personal relationships, ideas, personalities, and presumed control affected the way our government was formed, and how we view the process as it took place.

Adult-Incarceration

When young people commit crimes, there are usually reasons behind their behavior and these reasons need to be addressed with care and thoughtfulness and not the severest form of punishment. During the 1990s, several states decided to try juveniles as young as 17 years old as adults, and to use adult-incarceration facilities for those who were convicted. I think that was a negative trend.Young people have a lot happening inside their bodies and minds, this is not to excuse them but it’s a fact. A lot of internal changes are taking place and by that I mean, hormonal changes, bodily changes and mood swings.Apart from major internal physical changes taking place, they also have to deal with peer pressure and behave in a certain way so that they fit in with their friends’ idea of being cool and normal.Researches and studies on the juvenile brain show that teens sent to adult court result in being worse than those who are not. They have a tendency to get in to trouble more of ten and the offenses are more severe. (Patrick, 2005)An Example of the Law Being Too Harsh:Reginald Dwayne Betts was executed at the age of 16 and spent more than eight years in prison, in Virginia for an armed carjacking. He was an honors student who had never been in trouble with the police before; he thought he would either be sent to a juvenile detention center or in an extreme case would receive a suspended sentence. But astonishingly, he was tried as an adult and was originally sentenced to 23 years of imprisonment. (Sharon, 2007)Locked up at the young and tender age of 16, Betts spent 8 years in adult prisons. At such a young and impressionable age, he wasn’t prepared to deal with the horrors and harsh realities of an adult prison. He was quite vulnerable to the happenings around him both physically and emotionally.It was hard for him to get used to being away from home and at the same time to deal with the isolation and stress that comes from being in an adult prison. To make matters worse, violence haunted him day and night; he witnessed other prisoners having their heads split open and getting stabbed. He was exposed to disturbing conditions at a very young age whereas most people would never have to face such incidents in their entire life.Even though Betts served 8 years in prison, he now has a fulfilling career as a writer but he knows that he is an exception and he believes that youngsters who end up in prison usually don’t make it as successful human beings.Another example of a juvenile being tried is Zack, who was recently released after serving 27 months for being involved in the robbery of an Oregon convenience store. His mother says Zack (then 15) was struggling with a bipolar disorder at that time. At present, he’s 17 and although his school was hesitant to welcome him back, he is once again a student there.His mother says that Zack will always be a criminal in the eyes of the society and he still finds it hard to put th e past behind him and it was exceptionally hard for him to find work as a lot of people did not want anything to do with him.Zack’s mother admits that he deserved punishment but probation and counseling would have been better for him rather than serving time in jail (Sharon, 2007)Why Passing Harsher Laws Against Juveniles Is Wrong?An assumption made by legislators in passing harsher laws in order to make it easier to try juveniles as adults, has been that juveniles would be less likely to become involved in criminal behavior if there were tough laws and hence a message would be sent to offenders that crime would not be tolerated. (Brian, 2006)Though, research has proven this assumption wrong. Numerous prominent studies have proved that juveniles tried as adults tend to engage in criminal activities more often, more quickly and more seriously than those tried as juveniles.Fagan (1996) looked at the relapsing to criminal activities rate of eight hundred juveniles. The 15 to 16 year olds were convicted of first degree robbery, second degree robbery or first degree burglary. Half of the cases came from two counties in New York and the other half were from two counties in New Jersey. (Brian, 2006)  Due to New York’s Juvenile Offender Law, all the New York based cases were automatically handled by the criminal court, whereas New Jersey based cases were handled by the juvenile court. A comparison of the cases of both states showed that there were significant differences found in the re-arrest rates of those convicted of robbery.A higher number of robbers from New York were rearrested as compared to the robbers from New Jersey. Furthermore, robbers from New York who were sentenced to incarceration in a criminal court tended to re-offend considerably sooner than those from New Jersey who were sentenced to incarceration in juvenile court.A research, Podkopacz & Feld (1996); carried out a comparison of recidivism rates for offenders from Hennepin County, Minnesota that had had their cases referred for possible transfer to criminal court from 1986 to 1992. They finding outs were that those offenders who were tried as adults had a considerably higher recidivism rate (58 %) than those offenders who were tried in a juvenile court (42 percent). (Brian, 2006)Therefore, this shows that if juveniles are convicted as adults and face adult punishments, then they feel alienated from the society and their connection with the community over all weakens and this leads them to relapse to criminal activities once they have served their time in prison Also possible juveniles tried as adults are more likely to view criminal court proceedings as unfair and unjust and hence they relapse to criminal activities to rebel or avenge the unfairness.Researches have also found that those tried as juveniles generally had a positive view of the juvenile court. They were happy with the overall treatment of the judges towards them since they sincerely seemed to ca re about their well being.In addition, the majority of the people interviewed for the research   saw the juvenile court proceedings as fair and only a very few saw the juvenile court proceeding as unjust.Majority of the offenders who were tried for the criminal court believed that the judges they faced didn’t seem to care much about them nor about their problems.They complained that the court proceedings were formal and rushed and quite a lot of them reported difficulty in understanding the legal terminology that was used in the court proceedings. Many that were tried for the criminal court thought that the criminal court’s process sent a strong message that the offenders were of very little importance.Research has also shown that juveniles held in adult prisons were one and a half times as likely to be assaulted with a weapon and five times more likely to be sexually assaulted as compared to the inmates held in juvenile facilities.An earlier research by Flaherty (19 80) showed that the suicide rate of juveniles held in adult jails was 7.7 times higher than the suicide rate of juveniles held in juvenile detention centers and if you compare it with the normal youth population than its 4.6 times higher. (Brian, 2006)Effective Ways of Dealing with Juvenile Offenders:To combat juvenile crimes/offences, judges and courts need to understand what provoked the juveniles to commit such offences in the first place.The best way to deal with them is gently and in order to improve their over all behavior gentler punishments should be given and not harsh, adult punishments, as the juveniles are in the process of growing up and aren’t full grown adults hence they need to be dealt with gently but firmly to eradicate their wrong habits for once and all.Judges like Michael Corriero, who is based in New York, are well aware of how adult treatment of juvenile offences affects most of the juveniles. He supervises a special court by the name of Manhattan Youth Part and resolves cases of juveniles that belong to the ages 13-15 and have been tried as adults for serious crimes. He tries to steer as many as possible away from the criminal court. (Sharon 2007)According to his ideology, a youth’s character is flexible. Kids in their early teens (13-15) are supposed to learn from their mistakes. If we lock them up, what will they become in 10 years time? They won’t possess any special skills. And nothing can be expected of kids that have been put in to adult prisons therefore have been criminalized before their time.65% of the cases he handles are either sent for counseling or other such alternative programs, most of those programs are private and if the kids succeed, their records are sealed. Only the kids that commit major offences are tried in criminal courts (Sharon 2007)Although these treatment programs are very expensive, but they are worth every penny as if you correct a juvenile in a juvenile justice program then the socie ty will have less adult criminals.Therefore it’s essential to see what kind of crimes or mistakes the youth are committing and to treat them accordingly. In cases such as minor shoplifting or joy riding the juvenile should be counseled and should not be given the same punishment as an adult. Since the youth may have committed that particular crime due to immense peer pressure.Although juvenile crimes make most of us think of gangs, rape and murder; violent teens are the exception. Whereas in reality, according to various studies, violent teens only makeup 5% of all juvenile arrests.The more common reasons for prosecuting juveniles in adult courts are drugs, burglary, theft, taking cars for joy ride (Sharon Cohen, N.D. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-01-tryingkids_N.htm).Being in an adult jail increases a child's risk of being exposed to sexual abuse and assault. Educational opportunities are usually very limited and inadequate.Juveniles that Commit Major Offences: The other side of the picture is that some prosecutors argue about kids that are too dangerous to be considered juveniles as if tried as a juvenile, they maybe freed of all sorts of charges and imprisonment as soon as they turn 21. (Sharon 2007)An example of such dangerous juveniles will be Matthew Niedere and Clayton Keister, who murdered Niedere's parents in cold blood.The murder was planned carefully by the 17 year olds. Niedere’s father was shot five times and his mother four times by him. Keister shot Patricia Niedere, when she ran outside the family store, calling out for help. The two 17 years olds were prosecuted as adults and rightly so. In such extreme cases, where youth nearing adulthood have committed cold blooded murders, they should be punished severely. (Sharon 2007)Conclusion:To conclude, I’d like to say that juveniles for mild and petty crimes should not be prosecuted as adults. As in the case of being convicted, they suffer from poor conditions, horre ndous health care to inappropriate lock-ups and very few efforts to help them (youth) re-enter society.Furthermore they are exposed to sexual abuse and forced to grow up before their time and may face psychological problems later on their life, due to exposure to brutal activities such as stabbings, or even murders taking place in the prisons.Once these juveniles serve their time in the jail and are released, it’s also hard for them to re-enter the society and be acceptable by the rest of the society. They would always have that tag attached with them that they once committed a crime and went to prison for it.Therefore for minor crimes, its better to have them counseled or to assign them certain hours of community service, as their minds and personalities are still being shaped and hence its better to correct them by allowing them to ponder over their mistakes and to make them serve the society through community service in order to have them realize their mistakes.ReferencesB rian E. Oliver, ‘Does Trying Juveniles as Adults Work?’ An Analysis of the Evidence, June 2006 http://www.aicharleston.com/JuvenileJustice1.htm Accessed March 14, 2008Juvenile crime statistics, http://www.onlinelawyersource.com/criminal_law/juvenile/statistics.html Accessed March 14, 2008 Juvenile justice system,http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2142/Juvenile-Justice-System-JUVENILE-CRIME-VIOLENCE.html Accessed March 14, 2008Patrick Boyle (2005). Articles Section of Perspectives on Youth, http://www.perspectivesonyouth.org/Pages-Archive/CurEditionsPerspectives-Summer-Fall2005.htm Accessed March 14, 2008Sharon Cohen (2007). Prosecuting kids as adults: Some states ponder changeshttp://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-01-tryingkids_N.htm Accessed March 14, 2008

The history of ligers dates Essay

The history of ligers dates to at least the early 19th century in India. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) made a colour plate of the offspring of a lion and a tiger. In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of liger cubs born in 1824.[3] The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th-century painting in the naà ¯ve style. Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to King William IV and to his successor Queen Victoria. On 14 December 1900 and on 31 May 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenbeck’s Tierpark in Hamburg in 1897. In Animal Life and the World of Nature (1902–1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck’s â€Å"lion-tiger† hybrids: It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr. Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [†¦] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of the most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.[4] In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 340 kg (750 lb) and stood a foot and a half (45 cm) taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder. Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today, in At Home In The Zoo (1961), Gerald Iles wrote â€Å"For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons.† Size and growth The liger is often believed to represent the largest known cat in the world.[1] Males reach a total length of 3 to 3.5 m,[6][7] meaning they are the size of large Siberian tiger males.[8] Imprinted genes may be a factor contributing to huge liger size.[9] These are genes that may or may not be expressed on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some dog breed crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent breed. This growth is not seen in the paternal breeds, as such genes are normally â€Å"counteracted† by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate breed.[10] Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tiglon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).[11] The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average, than the liger. It is wrongly believed that ligers continue to grow throughout their lives due to hormonal issues.[citation needed] It may be that they simply grow far more during their growing years and take longer to reach their full adult size. Further growth in shoulder height and body length is not seen in ligers over 6 years old, same as both lions and tigers. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion, yet areazoospermic in accordance with Haldane’s rule. In addition, female ligers may also attain great size, weighing approximately 320 kg (705 lb) and reaching 3.05 m (10 ft) long on average, and are often fertile. In contrast,pumapards (hybrids between pumas and leopards) tend to exhibit dwarfism. Hercules and Sinbad[ Jungle Island, an interactive animal theme park in Miami, is home to a liger named Hercules, the largest non-obese liger, who is recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest living cat on Earth, weighing over 410 kg (904 lb).[12] Hercules was featured on the Today Show, Good Morning America, Anderson Cooper 360, Inside Edition and in a Maxim article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408.25 kg (900 lb). Hercules is healthy and is expected to live a long life. The cat’s breeding is said to have been a complete accident. Sinbad, another liger, was shown on the National Geographic Channel. Sinbad was reportedly similar in weight to Hercules. Longevity[Shasta, a ligress (female liger) was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on 14 May 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24.[citation needed] Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin had a male liger named Nook who weighed around 550 kg (1,213 lb), and died in 2007, at 21 years old. Hobbs, a male liger at the Sierra Safari Zoo in Reno, Nevada, lived to almost 15 years of age before succumbing to liver failure and weighed in at 410 kilograms (900 lb). Fertility The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well documented across a number of different hybrids. This is in accordance with Haldane’s rule: in hybrids of animals whose sex is determined by sex chromosomes, if one sex is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y). According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile: in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an ‘Island’ tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.[13] In September 2012, the Russian Novosibirsk Zoo announced the birth of a â€Å"liliger†, which is the offspring of a liger mother and a lion father. The cub was named Kiara. Appearance Colour plate of the offspring of a lion and tiger, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Ligers have a tiger-like striped pattern that is very faint upon a lionesque tawny background. In addition they may inherit rosettes from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background colour may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and colour depends on which subspecies the parents were and on how the genes interact in the offspring. White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce â€Å"white† (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. There are no black ligers. Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism; no reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. As blue or Maltese Tigers probably no longer exist, grey or blue ligers are exceedingly improbable. It is not impossible for a liger to be white, but it is very rare Ligers in the wild: It is unlikely a mating of this type would ever occur in the wild, for a number of reasons. Firstly, lion and tiger habitats do not meet, though you’ll often hear claims that they overlap in one area of the world, this being the Gir National Park and Lion Sanctuary in Bangladesh. The truth is tigers are not found within 100 miles of Gir Forest. Within the sanctuary itself is the only lion subspecies found outside of Africa. This is the very rare Asiatic lion (only a few hundred remain and they face extinction). The lion rules in Gir Forest and no tigers are found there. Tigers are not found in Africa, and are restricted to Asia. Though it is conceivable that a tiger may cross into lion territory, both species are so rare that it is highly unlikely the two would ever meet. On top of this, the Gir Forest is surrounded by farming and agriculture. The lions within the sanctuary are effectively captive in the wild and tigers do not like to cross large stretches of open ground. What would happen if the two species did meet? The very solitary tiger would be little inclined to join in with the more social pride of lions. Apart from periods of mating, tigers even go out of their way to avoid their own species. The Tigon is a hybrid cross between a male Tiger and a female Lion WHY ARE LIGERS SO MUCH BIGGER THAN TIGONS? The large size of the liger and small size of the tigon is due to â€Å"genomic imprinting† – the unequal expression of genes depending on parent of origin i.e. whether certain growth genes are inherited from the male or the female. This is linked to the species’ lifestyle and breeding strategy – whether the female mates with only one male while in heat (non-competitive) or whether she mates with many males (competitive). This results in â€Å"growth dysplasia†. The following explanation is greatly simplified as a number of other genes are contributed unequally by the male and female parents and also affect the general health and longevity of the offspring. Lions live in prides led by several adult males. The lionesses mate with each of those males. Each male wants his offspring to be the ones to survive, but the female’s genes want multiple offspring to survive. The father’s genes promote size of the offspring to ensure that his offspring out-compete any other offspring in the womb at the same time. Genes from the female inhibit growth to ensure that as many offspring as possible survive and that they all have an equal chance. By contrast, tigers are largely solitary and a female on heat normally only mates with one male. There is no competition for space in the womb so the male tiger’s genes do not need to promote larger offspring. There is therefore no need for the female to compensate, so the offspring’s growth goes uninhibited. When a male lion mates with a tigress, his genes promote large offspring because lions are adapted to a competitive breeding strategy. The tigress does not inhibit the growth because she is adapted to a non-competitive strategy. Therefore the offspring (liger) grows larger and stronger than either parent because the effects do not cancel each other out. Ligers take several years to reach full adult size, but it is a myth that ligers never stop growing. When a male tiger mates with a lioness, his genes are not promoting large growth of the offspring because he is adapted to a non-competitive breeding strategy. However, the lioness is adapted to a competitive strategy and her genes inhibit the growth of the offspring. This uneven match means that the offspring (tigons) are often smaller and less robust than either parent. Growth dysplasia has other effects: the size of the placenta may be affected (causing miscarriage), the embryo may be aborted at an early stage due to abnormal growth, the cub may be stillborn or may only survive a few days. In some rodents, mating Species A males with Species B females produces offspring half normal size, but mating Species B males with Species A females cause the offspring to be aborted as they try to grow to several times the normal size. Because of the impossibility of a gene being inherited from only females, there is a competing hypothesis. This hypothesis (allthough not tested) is that the Lion’s sperm is damaged somehow during fertilization and that a growth inhibiting gene is typically destroyed. It is impossible for a gene carried on a chromosomes to be passed along only from the mother. The reason for this is there are no chromosomes that only a female can have. Female Tigons and Female Ligers both possess a tiger X chromosme and a lion X chromosome, yet only the female Ligers will grow large, this means something must happen to either alter the genes or that the cause of the growth dysplasia lies at least partially outside of the genes. Another possible hypothesis is that the growth dysplasia results from the interaction between lion genes and tiger womb enviroment. The tiger produces a hormone that sets the fetal Liger on a pattern of growth that does not end throughout his life. The hormonal hypothesis is that the cause of the male Liger’s growth is his sterility – essentially, the male liger remains in the pre-pubertal growth phase. This is not upheld by behavioural evidence – despite being sterile, many male ligers become sexually mature and mate with females. In addition, female ligers also attain great size but are fertile.

Dominos Pizza Essay Example

Dominos Pizza Essay Example Dominos Pizza Essay Dominos Pizza Essay This price is only high because there are many things that make this price up. The things that Id get, is the right to use the Pizza Hut trademarks, its system for preparing, marketing and selling food products, its information and specifications. Those were only some of them. There is also some allowance, which is included in the total investment cost but isnt part of the initial fee, for management and staff training. The equipment cost is also included in the total price although; it will vary depending on the site. The franchise agreement is a 10-year term with a 5-year break. Pizza Hut gives the most comprehensive training that there is around. They say that they wont just hand over the keys and let me get on with it; they will train me until I feel comfortable and confident. They will give me about 13 weeks of training. This training is before I open up. Within these weeks, Id get experience in existing stores and we also get tuition in the classrooms. As this goes on, I get on going support from a dedicated Franchise Business Manager and their Restaurant Support Centre. Once Id have started up, I wouldnt have to worry about creativity, production or media costs. This means that Id benefit from their national advertising and PR. On top of all of this, Pizza Hut are always developing new products and bringing them to the market. This is a process that involves a huge amount of research; therefore this is another worry that I would have to bother with. So, all Id have to do is take their ideas, put them into practise and then sit back and watch the money roll in. If you think about it, this training course is pretty impressive. Once Id have chosen the site that I decided to build on. Pizza Hut says that they will give me a list of approved designers, contractors and proprietary equipment suppliers. This is so that I can choose from them to construct the unit. Even though Id get to choose whom I want to build the site, the specifications would have already been agreed. As Id go along, Pizza Hut would approve all the drawings and would be attending all the site meetings, just to ensure that the store is completed to their specifications. This would then minimise the risk of any costly mistakes. If I wanted a third party contractor, to provide a complete project management service, Id have to pay extra. Pizza Hut says that they cant tell me what the pay back time is. Conclusion From all the research that I have done, I have decided that I am going to open up a Dominos Pizza franchise. There are many reasons for why I have chosen this franchise. The investment costs are one of the main reasons. Dominos Pizza has an investment cost of 160,000. Pizza Hut has an investment cost between   150,000 and 185,000. Even though, Pizza Hut says that Id have to negotiate with them for the final amount, I still think that after the final amount is agreed, there will still be costs that I will have to pay for. Also the investment cost for Dominos Pizza is including every thing that Id have to pay for, Pizza Huts isnt. Another reason is that Dominos Pizza says that the pay back time is five years. Pizza Hut says that it all depends on the way the manager runs the restaurant, but I think that theyre just avoiding the question. One other main reason is because there are fewer hours with Dominos Pizza. I dont want long hours everyday. Therefore, Dominos Pizza seems like the best option.

Anishinaabe People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anishinaabe People - Essay Example The people could shelter these women and their children but they did not have similar positions with children born with Anishinaabe fathers in the society. Doodem which is their word for clan was borrowed from the English word totem. The clans which are mostly based on animals are very instrumental in conventional occupations, marriages and inter tribal relations. Even in modern day, the clan remains a very crucial part of the Anishinaabe identity (Basil 9). I came to understand that Anishinaabe’s understanding of kinship was very complex and included not only the nuclear family but also the extended family as well. It is regarded as a merging kinship system that is modified. As with any bifurcate merging kinship system, the children basically share similar kinship term with their parallel cousins since they are all part of the same clan. The bespoke system permits younger siblings to share similar kinship terms with cross cousins who are younger. The complexity vanishes further from the speaker’s instantaneous generation but some of the complexity is retained with women relatives. This kinship system reflects the philosophy of the Anishinaabe people of balance and interconnectedness among all the living generations as well as of all other generations from the past and of the future. Additionally to the Anishinaabe totem, clans belonging to other tribes are regarded as being related to the clans of Anishinaabe if they shar e the same designation. Consequently for instance, blending of an Anishinaabe bear clan.

Applying to university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying to university - Essay Example Though I do not profess to be a hardcore feminist, still, through personal experience I have come to know that the women are made to behave and act in a particular way through continual training and regimentation, right from the time of their birth. Right when a baby girl is born, she is made to learn that she is required to wear particular kind of clothes, she is to behave and act in a particular way, and she is to learn to do specific types of household chores. Even the innocent games played by female children are full of such societal imprints and expectations. So no wonder, when a baby girl grows out to be an adult woman, she is already convinced in her mind that she has to abide by the norms of a male dominated society. Such expectations imprinted in the minds of women wreck havoc with their innate aptitude and their potential for personal growth and development. In the professional sphere, the consequences of male dominance tend to be very obvious. Time and again one comes to hear about the ‘glass ceiling’. Even the women who dare to transcend these constraints have to compromise to a large extent. To excel in their careers, they are not allowed to harness the abilities like networking, empathy, bonding, consensus making that the innately possess because of being a women. Rather they are expected to imitate the male competitive role models, a thing that resultantly jeopardizes their personal and professional lives. The result is a deep seated sense of dissatisfaction and frustration. So, I believe that one of the essential goals of my education is to be able to get over such societal barriers and the consequent macho trends and expectations. I believe that the essential goal of education is to enable a person to build professional and personal relationship with others on the terms of equality and respect. Anything contrary to this is